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RAINER: (Greek) papyri
(as per E. G. Turner) See MPER.
http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/222/222weekly.htm
P.Rain.Cent.: Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Bestehen der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer
P.Rain.Cent. 40. Official correpondence concerning lease of state land: (Greek; 257 bce?; Arsinoite)
With one line of Demotic
http://perseus.csad.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.05.0194
Math.
See RAINERI.
RAINERI: See Lugduno-Batava; [B_447=O_012,NO IMG,8.5]
RAMANUJAN: 19th century mathematician
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramanujan.html
RAMESSEUM: (AE;
OK)
papyri and inscriptions
from Ramses III’s Temple complex
Across the Nile from Luxor and Karnak; Near the Colossi of Memnon; at the base of the VOK.
(as per AEB 96.0955) See Ramesseum Pap. III, IV,
and V. (Medical).
(as per LEX) P. Ram. B is a dramatic text, see Kurt Sethe.
(as per LEX) P. Ram. C is Semnah Dispatches, see JEA 31 [B_303], (1945).
(as per LEX) P. Ram. E is Unique funerary Liturgy, see JEA 41 [B_303], (1955).
RAMSES: (AE; MK) Pharaohs
the strong links
[B_061,rvw,misc] CATNYP# *OBX
94-5894
“Le dernier pharaon : RAMSES III, ou,
le crepuscule d’une civilisation / Francis Fevre.”
Paris, 1992.
See bibliography.
See MDAIK.
RAS SHAMRA: (Ugaritic) tablets
http://www.angelfire.com/nt/theology/Appx02.html
[Akkadian]
AKA Ras esh Shamra.
http://www.stormloader.com/flavin/abc.htm
See bibliography.
Notes and printed link to file with [B_289; for no reason].
[B_413,rvw] CATNYP# *OFXA 96-328
“Le Palais royal d’Ugarit, publie sous la direction de Claude F. –A. Schaeffer.”
Paris, 1970.
REALLEXIKON: publication
Reallexikon der Assyrologie. Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgelehrter. Hrsg. Von Erich Ebeling [1886-1955] und Bruno Meissner [1868-1947]. Berlin 1932-_
Vol 3 has varied title=Reallexikon der Assyrologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie. Editors vary. [B_289,see below]
[B_289,8.5’s,CUBIT;
SARGON;GUDEA] CATNYP# *O-*OCK 86-872
Title Page and pages
457-530 from Reallexikon der Assyriologie VII
[1990] (ed. D. O. Edzard et al.), Berlin and New York: De Gruyter. (A paper by Marvin Powell, 'Masse und Gewichte').
Despite its title, the [very thorough]
paper is in English.[and Akkadian tr. and German].
(9/9/01) Notes:
Barleycorn = 1/6 of finger
Finger = 1/30 Kus[h]
Kus[h] = Babylonian Cubit = B
Cubit
B Cubit = ~550 mm.?; See Sacred HEBREW CUBIT also ~550 mm.?
Units: (see my “local” abbreviations;
below)
A = Assyrian
AK = Akkadian
AK-OB=Akkadian-Old Babylonian
AU = Akkadian-Ur period(s)
B = Babylonian
K-NB = Kassite-Neo Babylonian
LB = Late Babylonian
M = Mesopotamian
MA = Middle Assyrian
MB = Middle Babylonian
MBAN = Middle Bronze Age Nuzi
NA = Neo [or New] Assyrian
NB = Neo [or New] Babylonian
NM = North Mesopotamian
NS = Non Standard
OA = Old Assyrian
OB = Old Babylonian
Post-OB = Post Old Babylonian
PRES = Pre-Sargonic [and also Pre-Old Babylonian]
ROG = Rule of Gudea [interpreted from statues B
and F]
S = Sumerian
S-OB = Sumerian-Old Babylonian
SE = Seleucid period
ST = Standard
SY = Syrian
UM = Upper Mesopotamian
The following regional/period/matched groupings, are each in
ascending size of unit order:
LENGTHS:
S/B/Post-OB 1/3 Cubit = S[h]u-du-a = S[h]izu? = 10 Fingers
Maybe two stacked fists or hands?
S/B/Post-OB 1/2 Cubit = Zipah = Utu?
S/B/Post-OB Cubit / Ell = forearm = Kus[h] =Ammatu =Gis[h]?
S/B Gis = AK Gis[h] Bad
=
S/B/Post-OB Half-Reed = ?
S/B/Post-OB Reed = ?
S/B/Post-OB Rod [or Pole] = ?
S/B/Post-OB Half-Rope = ?
S/B/Post-OB Rope = ?
S/B/Post-OB Us[h] = ?
S/B/Post-OB Dana [or Beru?] = ?
K-NB Finger = ?
(K-NB system is independent?)
NB/LB Finger = ?
NB/LB Ubanu = ?
NB/LB 1/6 Ammatu = ?
NB/LB 1/3 Ammatu = ?
NB/LB 1/2 Ammatu = ?
NB/LB 2/3 Ammatu = ?
NB/LB Ammatu =
NB/LB Nikkas = ?
NB/LB Qanu = ?
NB/LB NINDA = ?
NB/LB Cubit of the King = ? = Royal AE Cubit (~523 mm.)?
NB/LB nikkas = ?
(NB/LB
system independent units?)
NB/LB Reed Measure = ?
NB/LB Seed Measure = ?
See the “Seed Cubit” = Kus[h] Numun.
Seed Cubit = Two (2) Gis[h] Bad. = 60 Fingers =~1 meter
A/UM Ubanu = 1/6 [5/30] Sun diameters = 6 S[h]e = 5 minutes [of
arc]?
A/UM Pus[h]ku = ?
A/UM Kisir Ammati = ?
A/UM S[h]izu = ?
A/UM Uutu (or?) Rutu = ?
A/UM Kabistu = ?
A/UM Kimsu = ?
A/UM Ammatu = 5 Sun diameters = 180 S[h]e = 2.5 degrees?
A/UM Nikkas = ?
A/UM Qanu = ?
A/UM Kumanu = ?
A/UM Suppu = ?
A/UM Iku = ?
A/UM Us[h] = ?
A/UM Beru = ?
AREA:
S-OB Barleycorn = ?
S-OB Little Shekel = ?
S-OB Little Mina = ?
S-OB Shekel = ?
S-OB Garden Plot = ?
S-OB 1/8 Dike = ?
S-OB 1/4 Dike = ?
S-OB 1/2 Dike = ?
S-OB Dike = ?
S-OB Rope = ?
S-OB Bur = ?
NM/SY Puridu = Leg = ?
NM/SY Hararnu = ?
NM/SY Kumanu = ?
NM/SY Awiharu = ?
NM/SY Iku = ?
NM/SY Imeru = ?
VOLUME:
S/B Barleycorn = ?
S/B Little Shekel = ?
S/B Little Mina = ?
S/B Shekel = ?
S/B Garden Plot = ?
S/B 1/8 Iku = ?
S/B 1/4 Iku = ?
S/B 1/2 Iku = ?
S/B Iku = ?
S/B Es[h]e = ?
S/B Bur = ?
S/B Brick Measure = ?
S/B Log Measure = ?
Post-OB/NB/LB system(s) = ?
A volume system(s) = ?
CAPACITY:
S/B Measure = ?
S/B Archaic Capacity Measure = ?
S/B Fara System = ?
S/B The standard Gur-Sag-Gal system = ?
S/B The Lagas[h] Gur-Sag-Gal system = ?
See [B_165,IMG].
AK-OB The standard system = ?
See the AK “Pace Cubit” or “Big Cubit” of 750 mm.
AK (“Pace Cubit” = Ammat Are) = (“Big Cubit” = Ammatu
Rabitu)
K-NB The standard system = ?
NB/LB The standard system = ?
NB/LB Cubit = 24 Fingers.= ~.5 meters.
NM The standard capacity system = ?
Gasur/Nuzi capacity system = ?
1102 PFEIFFER, ROBERT H. & LACHEMAN, ERNEST R. Excavations at Nuzi Conducted by the Semitic Museum and the Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University, with the Cooperation of the American School of Oriental Research at Baghdad. Vol. IV: Miscellaneous Texts from Nuzi. Part I. (Harvard Semitic Series. 13.) xiv, (2), 104pp., 11 plates. 4to. Cloth. Ex-library.
Cambridge (Harvard University Press), 1942. $75.00
See: http://www.arslibri.com/cat124n.htm
See NUZZI tablets.
OA The “sack” system = ?
Mari system = ?
Imeru system(s) = ?
Achaemnid Royal Cubit = ?
VESSELS/Containers (S and NS):
Sila/Qui = ?
Ban/Situ = ?
Dug/Karpatu = ?
Ul = ?
Ba-ri-ga = ?
Kuli = ?
Kur = ?
Ninda-Banda = ?
Dug-Tur = ?
Gurgur = ?
Sadug = ?
Mud = ?
WEIGHT:
S/B Barleycorn = ?
S/B Little Shekel = ?
S/B Little Mina = ?
S/B Shekel = ?
S/B Mina = ?
S/B Talent = ?
(Post-OB
subdivisions of a Shekel; See TORAH)
Post-OB Uttetu = ?
Post-OB Halleru = ?
Post-OB Giru (i. e. ~“Carat”) = ?
Post-OB Mahat = ?
Post-OB Bitqu = ?
Post-OB Suddu = ?
Post-OB Hummus[h]u = ?
Post-OB Rebutu = ?
Post-OB S[h]als[h]u = ?
Post-OB Zuzu = ?
NM Weight systems = ?
OA Weight systems = ?
Mari Weight systems = ?
Gasur/Nuzi Weight systems = ?
MBAN Weight systems = ?
MA/NA Weight systems = ?
Barleycorn = ? S[h]e; Uttetu ? = 1/6 Finger
Finger = S[h]u-si ? = Ubanu
See three different fingers: in
PRES texts from Girsu; AK period;
See JNES 5 p. 203-209; H.W.F. Sachs.
See Tables on pages 459 and 460
1 S[h]e=6 S[h]u-si=10 S[h]u-du-a=15 Zipah
=20 [*2?!] S[h]u-du-a?=30 Kus[h]
See TORAH;
Numbers 13.11
“Gadi son of Susi”
APPROXIMATIONS!:
6 Barleycorns=1 Finger= 1.666 cm.
1 Stacked Hand = 10 Fingers = 16.666 cm.
1 Open [?] Hand = 15 Fingers = 25 cm.
2 Stacked Hands = 20 Fingers = 33.333 cm.
1 Forearm [Cubit]= 30 Fingers = 50 cm.
3 Ammutu=1 Nikkas
2 Nikkas= 1 Qanu
2 Qanu= 1 Nindanu
5 Nindanu= 1 Suppu
Note 3*2*2*5=60
2 Suppu= 1 As[h]lu
6 As[h]lu= 1 Us[h]
30 Us[h]= 1 Beru!
Note 2*6*30=360
1 Beru= 360*60 Ammatu= 21,600 Ammatu
page 460:
other weight conversion tables and sexagesimal quantities.
Much too vague!
See note page 461 that in 1st millenemium texts,
the finger seems to represent 1/3 of the Sun’s diameter.
See: CALENDAR; ASTRONOMY
See Neugebauer 1975 text “History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy”
which interprets an (~150 CE) Egyptian papyrus [as if its basis was
Babylonian] with the following metrological relationships:
One “Sun Cubit”=7 1/2 palms = 30 fingers;
720 Sun diameters = 360 degrees [of arc].
1.5
degrees = 1 cubit = 5 Sun diameters
= 30 fingers;
360 degrees = 144 cubits = 720 Sun diameters = 4320 fingers.
Suggests a link with the Beru system.
6 degrees = 12 Sun diameters = 6 x 12 fingers.
6 Fingers=36 Barleycorns=1 Sun diameter.
(See documented Chaldean uses in 1915 text by Neugebauer
and Weidner)
“In the standard length system, the ratio between
cubit and Nindan-rod is 12:1 [12 cubits=Nindan], but the ratio between the
cubit of celestial distance and the Nindan of length-time [?] is 1:150.”
“seems to equate 1/2 cubit [12 Fingers of a 24 Finger
cubit] with the disk of the moon”
“0,0,10=1 Susi”
“[late use?] 1 Barleycorn = 1/180 cubit”
[Implying only a 30 Finger
cubit]
Half-reed=3 cubits=Nikkas?=Nakkasu?
=Nig-kas?
Reed=Gi?=Qanu?=6 cubits [NB/LB]
Above=7 cubits [Assyrian]
PRES evidence of Reed counting [p. 463]
Reed=6 cubits or
Nindan-reed=12 cubits?
Rod or Pole=Nindan?=Nindanu?=2 Reeds=12 cubits prior
to NB/LB=in Assyrian context;
=14 cubits NB/LB
1 cubit of depth on a base of 1 square Nindan is
1,0 [3600] Gur of capacity
“In 1st Mill. Astronomical texts, Nindan
is a length-time measure corresponding in our system to 1’ of arc or 4 seconds
of time.”
ROG = [16 Finger] Rule Of Gudea
[B Cubit interpreted from “statue B” [incomplete]
and “F”]
As per Jules Oppert; B Cubit
= 30/16 x 270 mm
As per A. E. Berriman; B Cubit = 30/16
x 269 mm
As per M. Dieulafoy; B Cubit = 30/16
x 265.6 mm
As per F. Thureau-Dangin; B Cubit =
30/16 x 264.5 mm
Yielding a range of interpreted values:
495.9375 through 506.25 mm. Smaller than I anticipated as
compared to the AE [28 finger] Cubit of ~523 mm.
Nippur Cubit:
[interpreted (by U. Penn) from the southwest side of the EKUR temple.]
See Nuzi
text references to the Cubit of the Gate;
See Shushan
in HEBREW CUBITS.
See The
Copper Cubit of the City Gate.
See Poetic description of the God
Ningirsu measuring his Hero-to-be Eanatum with his handspan. See also STRABO XIII 2,3.
Chart VI on page 464 yields this info:
Nikkas=1/4 Nindan?=15 seconds [of arc]=1 second
[of time]
Qanu=1/2 Nindan=30 seconds arc=2 seconds time
Qanu+Nikkas=3/4 Nindan=45 seconds=3 seconds time
Nindan=1 Nindan=1 minute arc=4 seconds time
Us[h]=60 Nindan=1 degree arc=4 minutes time
Beru=1800 Nindan=30 degrees arc=2 hours time
6 Beru=10,800 Nindan=180 degrees arc=12 hours time
12 Beru=21,600 Nindan=360 degrees arc=1 day
“units smaller than the Nikkas probably were not
used because ancient technology was not capable of such precision measurement.”