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Analysis by Milo Gardner: The Achmim Wooden Tablets (C.G. 25.367 and C.G. 25.368)
LAST MODIFIED: 3/9/05
Middle Kingdom texts exactly computed a hekat, a unit of grain, written  partly in the    
` Horus-Eye system and also partly in the Hieratic  system. The myth of Anubis, "monitor of  
the scales of truth" suggests that this modular arithmetic system may date to the Old  
Kingdom, Saqqara. There was a gate** at Saqqara that metaphorically solved the Horus-Eye  
balance beam problem. Today this means that there was a literal  scaling of Horus Eye  
binary fractions by a substitution process, that mathematicans may title as parametrics.  
Modular arithmetic statements of radix (quotients) and remainders were written out in    
the Middle Kingdom and later times, following an exact system that may not have been  
mathematically altered after its birth. Names within the exact 1/n divisor system of volume  
measurement may have changed over 2,000 years or more of Egyptian history, however,  
the modular arithmetic that began by replacing 1/64 with 5/320 in the remainder term, did not.  
  Radix 10 (Q) Remainder (R)
      with ro = 1/320, after 1/64 replaced by 5/320  
      Q     5*R    
(64/64)/n = --------------- + ----------  * ro and (5*R)/n being written as exact Egyptian fractions  
       64       n   series, as noted below, maybe for the first time.  
Historical Sources:
AWT: The Achmim Wooden Tablets
(C.G. 25.367 and C.G. 25.368) Two plastered wood planks inscribed in Hieratic. 12th Dynasty
RMP: The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
(BM 10057 and 10058) Hieratic papyrus originally connected, now torn in two with small fragments in NY
**Gate at Saqqara: Text reference; gate location
Unity means that 1 = 64/64 in the hekat case
                  remainder divisor    
Source & hin  unit  size Hekat divisor   Horus-Eye quasi ro units quasi ro units remainder units was an LCM = (n*320) before the ro factoring  actual ro units
Problem #   Unity   (n) quotient factors (Q) (R) (R)      
                       
                       
                       
implied 10 hin 64/64   64 64         1 hekat 320
RMP #81 8.75 64/64 1 1/7 56 32+ 16 + 8 320 0 0 365.7143 0.875 280
RMP #81 8.125 64/64 1  3/13 52 32+ 16 + 4 320 0 0 393.8462 0.8125 260
RMP #81 7.8125 64/64 1  7/25 50 32+ 16 + 2 320 0 0 409.6 0.78125 250
RMP #81 7.65625 64/64 1 15/49 49 32+ 16 + 1 320 0 0 417.9592 0.765625 245
RMP #81 7.5 64/64 1 1/3 48 32 + 16 320 0 0 426.6667 0.75 240
RMP #81 6 hin 64/64 1 3/5 40 32 + 8 320 0 0 512 2/3 hekat 200
RMP #81 5.625 64/64 1 7/9 36 32 + 4 320 0 0 568.8889 0.5625 180
RMP #81 5.3125 64/64 1 15/17 34 32 + 2 320 0 0 602.3529 0.53125 170
RMP #81 5.15625 64/64 1 31/33 33 32 + 1 320 0 0 620.6061 0.515625 165
RMP #81 5 hin 64/64 2 32 32 320 0 0 640 0.5 160
RMP #81 5.15625 64/64 2 2/3 24 16 + 8 320 0 0 853.3333 0.515625 165
AWT #3 3 hin 64/64 3 21 16 + 4 + 1 315 5 1 960 0.375 120
RMP #81 3.125 64/64 3 1/5 20 16 + 4 320 0 0 1024 0.3125 100
RMP #81 2.8125 64/64 3 4/9 18 16 + 2 320 0 0 1102.222 0.28125 90
RMP #81 2.65625 64/64 3 13/17 17 16 + 1 320 0 0 1204.706 0.265625 85
RMP #81 2 hin 64/64 4 16 16 320 0 0 1280 1/4 hekat 80
RMP #81 2 hin 64/64 5 12 12 300 20 4 1600 1/5 hekat 64
RMP #81 1.5 hin 64/64 6 10 10 300 20 4 1920 1/6 hekat 53.33333
AWT #7   64/64 7 9 6 + 2 315 5 1 2240 1/7 hekat 45.71429
RMP #81 1.2 hin 64/64 8 8 8 320 0 0 2560 1/8 hekat 40
AWT #10 1 hin 64/64 10 6 6 300 20 4 3200 1/10 hekat 32
AWT #11 0.909090909 64/64 11 5 4 + 1 275 45 9 3520 0.090909 29.09091
RMP #81 0.769230769 64/64 13 4 4 260 60 12 4160 0.076923 24.61538
RMP #81 2/3 hin 64/64 15 3 2 + 1 255 65 13 4800 0.066667 21.33333
RMP #81 5/8 hin 64/64 16 3 2 + 1 300 20 4 5120 0.0625 20
RMP #81 1/2 hin 64/64 20 2 2 230 90 18 6400 0.05 16
RMP #81 1/3 hin 64/64 30 2 2 300 20 4 9600 0.033333 10.66667
RMP #81 5/16 hin 64/64 32 2 2 310 10 2 10240 0.03125 10
RMP #81 1/4 hin 64/64 40 1 1 185 135 27 12800 0.025 8
RMP #81 1/6 hin 64/64 60 1 1 205 115 23 19200 0.016667 5.333333
RMP #81 9/32 hin 64/64 64 1 1 225 95 19 20480 0.015625 5
RMP #47 0.142857143 6400/64 70 91 64+16+8+2+1 170 150 30 22400 0.014286 4.571429
implied 0.03125 64/320 320 0 0 319 1 1/5 102400 0.003125 1
 
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